Handshakes on Chessboard

Imagine 64 people positioned on an \(8\times8\) chessboard, each randomly facing one of their neighboring squares. If two individuals end up facing one another, they will shake hands. What is the expected number of handshakes that will occur?

Answer


First, categorize the squares:

\[ \begin{aligned} &\text{Squares with 2 neighbors (corners): } 4.\\ &\text{Squares with 3 neighbors (edge squares, not corners): } 6\times 4 = 24.\\ &\text{Squares with 4 neighbors (interior squares): } 6\times 6 = 36. \end{aligned} \]

Next, note the edges (pairs of adjacent squares):

\[ \begin{aligned} &\text{Between a 2-neighbor square and a 3-neighbor square: } 4\times2 = 8\text{ edges.}\\ &\text{Between two 3-neighbor squares: } 5\times 4 = 20\text{ edges.}\\ &\text{Between a 3-neighbor square and a 4-neighbor square: } 6\times4 = 24\text{ edges.}\\ &\text{Between two 4-neighbor squares: } 5\times 6\times 2 = 60\text{ edges.} \end{aligned} \]

When two adjacent squares have degrees \(d_1\) and \(d_2\), the probability that the person on the first square faces the second is \(\tfrac{1}{d_1}\), and simultaneously the person on the second square faces the first with probability \(\tfrac{1}{d_2}\). Hence, for each such edge, the probability of a handshake is \(\tfrac{1}{d_1}\cdot \tfrac{1}{d_2}\).

Summing over all edges:

\[ \begin{aligned} \mathbb{E}[\text{handshakes}] &= 8\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\cdot \tfrac{1}{3}\right) + 20\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\cdot \tfrac{1}{3}\right) + 24\left(\tfrac{1}{3}\cdot \tfrac{1}{4}\right) + 60\left(\tfrac{1}{4}\cdot \tfrac{1}{4}\right)\\ &= 8\left(\tfrac{1}{6}\right) + 20\left(\tfrac{1}{9}\right) + 24\left(\tfrac{1}{12}\right) + 60\left(\tfrac{1}{16}\right)\\ &= \tfrac{8}{6} + \tfrac{20}{9} + 2 + \tfrac{60}{16} \;\approx\; 1.33 + 2.22 + 2 + 3.75 \;\approx\; 9.3. \end{aligned} \]

Thus, the expected number of handshakes is about \(\boxed{9.3}\).

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